As few as one diet soda daily may increase the risk for leukemia in men and women, and for multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma in men, according to new results. It's important to distinguish between diet as a risk factor for lymphomas, versus diet as a therapeutic factor. While some dietary factors are associated with a. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma Description. An in-depth report on the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Lymphoma - non-Hodgkin's. Lymph nodes are body organs (not glands) spread throughout your body. Their function is to filter out all the dead bacteria, viruses, and other dead tissue from the. Non- Hodgkin's lymphoma . There are many different types of non- Hodgkin’s lymphoma. This website is intended for pathologists and laboratory personnel, who understand that medical information is imperfect and must be interpreted using reasonable. Most types of NHL involve B cells, while a small percentage involve T cells. Common types of B- cell non- Hodgkin’s lymphomas include diffuse large B- cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and follicular lymphoma. Prognosis. Non- Hodgkin’s lymphomas are classified as indolent (slow- growing) or aggressive (fast- growing). Aggressive lymphomas, such as DLBCL, are often curable. Indolent lymphomas, such as follicular lymphoma, are more difficult to treat and tend to recur after periods of remission. With the advancement of new treatments and drugs, survival rates for patients with NHL have significantly improved. Risk Factors. The risk of NHL increases with age. Most patients are diagnosed when they are in their 6. However, NHL can develop in people of any age, including children. People who have immune system impairment because of infections, disease, or exposure to certain types of chemicals appear to have increased risk. Still, people without any known risk factors can develop NHL. Symptoms. The most common first sign of lymphomas is painless enlargement of one or more lymph nodes, usually in the neck, armpits, or groin. More generalized symptoms can include: Drenching night sweats. Unexplained weight loss. Fever. Severe itching. Diagnosis. NHL is diagnosed based on the results of physical examination, blood tests, imaging tests, and biopsy. A lymph node biopsy is the definitive test for diagnosing NHL, determining the type of NHL, and distinguishing NHL from Hodgkin’s disease. Treatment. Radiation and chemotherapy are the main treatments for NHL. Rituximab, a biologic drug, is increasingly being used and may be added to a chemotherapy regimen. For some patients, stem cell transplantation may be an option. Introduction. Lymphomas are malignancies of the lymph system that are generally subdivided into two groups: Hodgkin's disease (HD) and non- Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Hodgkin's disease accounts for about 1. NHL for the remaining 9. They have certain features in common. The lymphatic system filters fluid from around cells. It is an important part of the immune system. When people say they have swollen glands in the neck, they are usually referring to enlarged lymph nodes. Common areas where lymph nodes can be easily felt, especially if they are enlarged, include the groin, armpits (axilla), above the clavicle (supraclavicular), in the neck (cervical), and the back of the head just above hairline (occipital). This system is a network of organs, ducts, and nodes. The lymphatic system interacts with the blood's circulatory system to transport a watery clear fluid called lymph throughout the body. The lymphatic system contains lymphocytes, important cells involved in defending the body against infectious organisms. Lymphocytes. The lymphatic system is involved in the production and transportation of lymphocytes, white blood cells that are a primary component of the immune system. Lymphocytes develop in the bone marrow or thymus gland and are therefore categorized as either B cells (bone marrow- derived cells) or T cells (thymus gland- derived cells). Lymphatic vessels begin as tiny tubes and lead to larger lymphatic ducts and branches until they drain into two ducts in the neck, where the fluid re- enters the bloodstream. Along the way, the fluid passes through lymph nodes, oval structures composed of lymph vessels, connective tissue, and white blood cells. Here, the lymphocytes are either filtered out or added to the contents of the node. Both leukemia and lymphomas (Hodgkin’s disease and non- Hodgkin’s lymphomas) are cancers of lymphocytes. The difference is that leukemia starts in the bone marrow while lymphomas originate in lymph nodes and then spread to the bone marrow or other organs. Lymph Nodes. In lymph nodes, lymphocytes receive their initial exposure to foreign substances (antigens), such as bacteria or other microorganisms. This exposure activates the lymphocytes to produce antibodies, which are immune system factors that target and attack specific foreign proteins (antigens). The size of a lymph node varies from that of a pinhead to a bean. Most nodes are in clusters located throughout the body. Important node clusters are found in the neck, lower arm, armpit, and groin. Other Structures in the Lymphatic System. The tonsils and adenoids are secondary organs composed of masses of lymph tissue that also play a role in the lymphatic system. The spleen is another important organ that processes lymphocytes from incoming blood. Click the icon to see an image of lymph tissue in the head and neck. Locations of Non- Hodgkin's Lymphomas. Non- Hodgkin's lymphomas occur most often in lymph nodes in the chest, neck, abdomen, tonsils, and the skin. NHLs may also develop in sites other than lymph nodes such as the digestive tract, central nervous system, and around the tonsils. Non- Hodgkin's Lymphomas Categories. There are more than 3. Hodgkin's lymphomas. Lymphomas are categorized in a several ways: As indolent (slow- growing) or aggressive (fast- growing). Indolent and aggressive lymphomas are equally common in adults. Aggressive lymphomas are more common in children. Aggressive lymphomas tend to be more curable than indolent lymphomas. As arising from B cells or T cells. About 8. 5 - 9. 0% of Non- Hodgkin’s lymphomas are B cell subtypes and 1. T cell subtypes. This report focuses on B cell lymphomas. B- Cell Lymphomas. The following are common types of B- cell lymphoma. Diffuse Large B- Cell Lymphoma (DLBLC). DLBCL is the most common type of non- Hodgkin’s lymphoma, accounting for about 3. NHL cases. It is an aggressive, fast- growing lymphoma that usually affects adults but can also occur in children. DLBCL can occur in lymph nodes or in organs outside of the lymphatic system. DLBCL includes several subtypes such as mediastinal large B- cell lymphoma, intravascular large B- cell lymphoma, and primary effusion lymphoma. Follicular Lymphoma (FLs). Follicular lymphoma is the second most common type lymphoma, accounting for about 2. NHL cases. It is usually indolent (slow growing), but about half of follicular lymphomas transform over time into the aggressive diffuse large B- cell lymphoma. Mantle Cell Lymphoma. Mantle cell lymphoma is an aggressive type of lymphoma that represents about 7% of NHL cases. It is a difficult type of lymphoma to treat and often does not respond to chemotherapy. It is found in lymph nodes, the spleen, bone marrow, and gastrointestinal system. Mantle cell lymphoma usually develops in men over age 6. Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma (SLL). SLL is an indolent type of lymphoma that is closely related to B- cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). It accounts for about 5% of NHL cases. Marginal Zone Lymphomas (MZL). MZLs are categorized depending on where the lymphoma is located. Mucosa- associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas (MALT) usually involve the gastrointestinal tract, thyroid, lungs, saliva glands, or skin. MALT is often associated with a history of an autoimmune disorder (such as Sjogren syndrome in the salivary glands or Hashimoto's thyroiditis in the thyroid gland). MALT is also associated with bacterial infection in the stomach (H. Splenic marginal zone lymphoma affects the spleen, blood, and bone marrow. Nodal marginal zone B- cell lymphoma is a rare type of indolent lymphoma that involves the lymph nodes. Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma. Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, also called Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia or immunocytoma, is a rare type of lymphoma accounting for about 1% of NHL cases. It usually affects older adults and most often involves bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen. Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma. This lymphoma involves the brain and spinal cord. Although it is generally rare, it is common in people who have AIDS. Burkitt's Lymphoma. Burkitt's lymphoma is one of the most common types of childhood NHL, accounting for about 4. NHL pediatric cases in the United States. It usually starts in the abdomen and spreads to other organs, including the brain. A specific type of Burkitt’s lymphoma that typically occurs in African children often involves facial bones and is associated with Epstein- Barr virus infection. Lymphoblastic Lymphoma. This lymphoma is also common in children, accounting for about 2. NHL pediatric cases, most often boys. It is associated with a large mediastinal mass (occurring in chest cavity between the lungs) and carries a high risk for spreading to bone marrow, the brain, and other lymph nodes. Risk Factors. Non- Hodgkin’s lymphoma is the seventh most common cancer in the United States. Each year, about 7. Americans are diagnosed with non- Hodgkin's lymphomas, and about 2. Since the 1. 97. 0s, NHL incidence rates have doubled. Part of the reason for this dramatic rise may be due to AIDS, which increases the risk for high- grade lymphomas. The cause of non- Hodgkin’s lymphoma is unknown, but certain factors may increase a person’s risk of developing this cancer. Age. Non- Hodgkin’s lymphoma can develop in people of all ages, including children, but it is most common in adults. The most common types of NHL usually appear in people in their 6. Gender. NHL is more common in men than women. Race. Overall, the risk for NHL is slightly higher in Caucasians than in African- Americans and Asian Americans. Family History. People who have close family relatives who have developed NHL may be at increased risk for this cancer. However, no definitive hereditary or genetic link has been established. Infections. Viral or bacterial infections may play a role in some lymphomas. These include: Epstein- Barr virus (EBV), the cause of mononucleosis, is highly associated with one type of Burkitt's lymphoma and with NHLs linked to immunodeficiency diseases. It is also a risk factor for Hodgkin's disease. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS, increases the risk for Burkitt's lymphoma and diffuse large B- cell lymphoma. The hepatitis C virus (HCV) may increase the risk for certain types of lymphomas.
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